Excess water that flows over the surface of the soil without being absorbed, causing waste.

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the resources for future generations, with attention to the environment.

An agricultural approach that balances productivity with environmental care, animal welfare, and reduced waste.

Irrigation pumps: submerged pumps are immersed in water (e.g. deep wells), surface pumps are used when the water is nearby.

Irrigation method in which water is sprayed in the form of small drops—similar to rain—using special sprinklers.

Device that uses solar energy to pump water from wells or reservoirs to cultivated fields

Energy produced by the sun and converted into electricity by photovoltaic panels. Can be used to irrigate fields without fossil fuel energy.

Devices that use solar radiation to heat water

Measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil. It influences how well the plants can absorb nutrients.

Sensors that measure the level of humidity in the soil, helping to decide when to irrigate.